1. Legal Codes: Civil law systems are characterized by comprehensive legal codes that encompass various areas of law. These codes are often enacted by legislative bodies and serve as the primary source of law. They provide detailed rules and principles governing aspects such as contracts, property, torts, family law, criminal law, and more. Examples of well-known civil law codes include the Napoleonic Code in France and the German Civil Code.

2. Role of Judges: In civil law systems, judges play a vital role in interpreting and applying the law to resolve disputes. However, their role differs from that of judges in common law systems. Rather than primarily relying on judicial precedent, civil law judges focus on applying the provisions of the law as set forth in the codes and statutes. Their decisions are based on the specific facts of the case and the applicable legal provisions.

3. Legal Education and Scholarship: Civil law systems often prioritize legal education and scholarly research. Legal education typically emphasizes the study of statutory law and legal principles derived from codified statutes. Legal scholars and academics contribute to the development of the law through their writings, commentaries, and analyses of legal issues. Their interpretations and insights help shape the understanding and application of legal principles in civil law jurisdictions.

4. Inquisitorial Legal Procedure: Civil law systems commonly employ an inquisitorial legal procedure, especially in continental Europe. In contrast to the adversarial system prevalent in common law jurisdictions, where opposing parties present their cases to an impartial judge or jury, the inquisitorial system places greater emphasis on the role of the judge in investigating the facts of the case and gathering evidence. This system aims to ensure a thorough and impartial examination of the facts to reach a just decision.

5. Separation of Legal Professions: Civil law systems often maintain a distinction between the legal professions, such as lawyers and judges. Lawyers typically specialize in providing legal advice, representing clients, and preparing legal documents, while judges are responsible for adjudicating disputes and interpreting the law. This separation helps ensure the independence and impartiality of the judiciary.

6. Legal Certainty and Predictability: Civil law systems strive to provide legal certainty and predictability by establishing clear and consistent rules of law. The codification of legal principles in statutes and codes aims to create a stable legal framework that facilitates the resolution of disputes and the enforcement of rights. This predictability is essential for individuals, businesses, and governments to understand their rights and obligations under the law.

Overall, civil law systems are characterized by their reliance on written codes, the role of judges in interpreting the law, the importance of legal scholarship, and the pursuit of legal certainty and predictability. These systems have evolved over centuries and continue to adapt to changing societal needs and legal developments.